Exclusionary Conduct Testimony Before the Antitrust Modernization Commission

نویسنده

  • Carl Shapiro
چکیده

Refusals to deal come in many different forms. Appropriate legal standards differ across these forms. A vertical refusal to deal arises when a dominant input supplier refuses to sell its input to downstream rivals. A complementary refusal to deal arises when the dominant supplier of one product sells that product to customers as part of a bundle but refuses to sell that product alone to a rival seeking to offer its own bundle to customers. A purely horizontal refusal to deal in a network market arises when a dominant firm refuses to interconnect with a rival. Equally important, all three types of refusals to deal can be either unconditional or condition in character.

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تاریخ انتشار 2005